Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Religion - Essay Example In addition, this culture learns how to arouse spirits using such holy names. Moreover, it inspires them to divines that will make them act like God. Claimed Gods power can summon the spirits and give them commands of their wish. Religion has become dynamic with time. Education facilitates competence in religion where people are coming up with new creative beliefs to convince people on matters related to religion and supernatural issues. Prophet Dr. Owuor of repentance and holiness ministry successfully come up with beliefs of doom prophecies by integrating sciences calculations and his prophecies. He has convinced people strong believing in God can manipulates natural factors such as when he called down rain. He also prophesied on the Italy earthquake that indeed later hit the country. His prophecy religion has attracted a lot of people who have abandoned their cultural region in favor of this which incorporates all diversified beliefs about what, when and how supernatural events will take

Acts of Kindness Essay Example for Free

Acts of Kindness Essay Category: Community Description of Act: Today I went to portage Park (which is very close to my house) and I picked up garbage with my pink gloves in a trash bag around the whole Park. Reflection: Since I live close to portage Park I go there a lot and when I go there I see that there’s a lot of trash around and nobody picks it up. So I decided that the nice thing that I would do would be to pick up the trash and put in a trashcan. I know I’m not helping that much because people are going to keep putting trash on the ground but at least I know that I can help a little bit. At first it was a little weird because people started wondering why I was wear pink gloves and picking up trash but then this one older woman came up to me and thanked me for picking up trash because she didn’t like it when the park was dirty and after that I felt really good about what I was doing and I felt like what I was doing had purpose. Act of kindness #2 Category: Community Description of Act: Me and my family decided that we should do something good for the community and we decided that we should make sandwiches for homeless people around the neighborhood and give them out to soup kitchens and other places like that. Reflection: So one day my family decided that they wanted to help the homeless people around my neighborhood since we have all this food and a roof over our house to be thankful for we should help those that were in need. When I was making the sandwiches I thought what I was doing was really positive and was a good thing but then I also thought what if they don’t want to be helped or pitied what if they have too much pride? But after we went around and gave around the sandwiches to homeless people and  soup kitchens and felt like it was still was kind of a rude but people need other people to help them sometimes and we were those people. The homeless people were very thankful for the sandwiches and were happy that we did what we d id. Act of kindness #3 Category: Teachers Description of Act: After school one day I went to one of my math teacher’s class and I helped them out with organizing papers, grading quizzes, and whatever else he needed. Reflection: Sometimes the only time I help teachers of the schools because of extra credit or they give me candy but this time I went because I wanted you guys out there that knew that he had a lot of work that he had to do but little time. When he saw me come into the classroom after school use a little surprised because he didn’t ask for any help for extra credit but I told him that I was there because I just wanted to help and be nice. He thought that it was very thoughtful me to help him with his grading and organizing and I felt really happy afterwards because I did something good without needing to have credit extra credit be a motivation. Act of kindness #4 Category: Teachers Description of Act: Today I saw a teacher going up the stairs with a lot of books and I came over and helped out and grab some of the books which were very heavy and helped her put them in the classroom that they needed to be in. Reflection: Even if I wasn’t doing this project which is pretty cool project if I do say so myself I would’ve still helped her out because of the kind of person I am and it just feels really nice when you help someone out without having them ask you. I know that if I was going to stairs with heavy books I would want someone to help me out too. When I asked if she needed help she smiled which made me smile made me feel good to help her. Act of kindness #5 Category: Parent/Guardians Description of Act: Today I woke up early in the morning I went into the kitchen and started cooking some breakfast. I cooked eggs, bacon, and hash  browns. I talked a lot so everybody my house could eat some and believe me they ate some. They didn’t ask me to cook and they were surprised that I cooked. Reflection: My Mom and Dad when I was little always used to cook me breakfast with eggs and bacon and all that other good stuff but since they work more often didn’t have the time to cook for us which was sad because I love bacon in the morning. So I decided I should make breakfast for them this one time because I’m terrible at cooking so I did and I did pretty well for my first time. They loved it and they loved that didn’t have asked me they love that it was a surprise they loved that it was actually good LOL. I felt really good inside and felt really nice to see my family together eating and it made me feel like I brought the family together. Act of kindness #6 Category: Parent/Guardians Description of Act: Again I woke up early and decided I would do a nice thing and clean house and when I meant clean the house I mean clean the HOUSE. I went all around the house cleaned every corner in every dusty place until it was spotless or close enough to spotless. And no one asked me to do it. Reflection: My mom always bugs me about cleaning my room and yells at me when I don’t so I thought to myself in the morning at 7:00 AM when everybody was sleeping why don’t I just clean no one else will do it and then she would never yell at me ever again just kidding. But I know I would make her happy so that’s the main reason why did it. I clean the house so good that I think I will never have to clean the house ever again. When my parents came home and saw the house I think they fainted cried almost there were happy that I did it without them having to ask. It made me happy that they were happy. But my arm still hurts though. Act of kindness #7 Category: Classmates/Friends Description of Act: Yesterday there was a friend at my rehearsal and she was crying and I asked her why she was crying and she responded to she felt uncomfortable and didn’t want to do something. I told her that she didn’t have to do anything that she didn’t want to and that she can talk to me anytime if she has any problems with anything or if she just wants to talk  and helped her back to rehearsal. Reflection: When I saw her crying I immediately went over and asked her what was wrong because I never like it when people are crying I like it when people are happy. I know and I was crying I would want someone to comfort me as well and that the cheapo uncomfortable with something even made it worse because no one should feel uncomfortable ever. When she was crying I felt like I just needed to help her in any way I could and so I talked to her and let her know that she can talk to me anytime because of space that I am free all the time and I just like to make peo ple feel better. She said she was happy that she had me as a friend and it made me feel all good inside will Act of kindness #8 Category: Classmates/Friends Description of Act: I spent some time with my friend when they were feeling lonely and they really needed some company. So I went over to the house and we played to videogames talked about politics and the world (not really we were just worrying about the ACT). We ate some stuff and had I had a really good time. Reflection: When my friend asked me to hang out I didn’t really feel like it but I didn’t want her to feel all alone and stuff so I got my butt over to her house as fast as possible and I hung out with her. She was really glad that I came over and I was glad that I came over to because to bored people make for a really interesting and weird time. Again I felt like a really good for spending some time with my good friend and the really nice to make someone feel better. Act of kindness #9 Category: Strangers/Random Description of Act: Today I was on a bus and I have going on I saw that the person behind me was viciously looking into her purse for money and for the life of her could not find it and I saw that in my purse I had an extra card for the bus that had one more ride on it. So I decided to give it to her so she can get on the bus because she really looked like she needed to get on the bus. So I did. Reflection: I’ve never had that before like when I don’t have any money on the bus and someone’s like â€Å"Oh here I’ll give you money here you go â€Å"but the bus driver usually just let me go so that’s pretty  nice. I felt like this one time I should at least help this lady out because this bus driver does not look like the type to give free rides and I’m pretty sure she really needs to be somewhere by the way she is tearing up that purse. When I gave her the bus card I think in her point of view there was like a gleaming light behind me and a choir singing because her eyes got huge and I think she was about to kneel before me but she said â€Å"Thank you so much†. I always have extra money on me because my mom is always scared that something terrible is going to happen to me so if you ever need money look for me. I felt like a hero after I gave her the money just without the Cape. Act of Kindness #10 Category: Strangers/Random Description of Act: Today there was a woman who looked like she was lost so I went up to her and asked her if she was having any trouble finding something and she was trying to find Lakeview which is lucky for her because I know exactly where that is. So I gave her directions to Lakeview. Reflection: Sometimes I get lost a lot and I mean a lot and I know that I should know where everything is in Chicago because I’ve been here since I was born so I’m a true Chicagoan but let’s face it I am not a true Chicagoan because I’ve never really been around Chicago a lot like my whole life. But this lady is a lucky because I know exactly where Lakeview is because I’m a student there of course not because I have my phone with me with a map in it. Preposterous! So anyways I gave her the directions and she was very thankful that I was there to save the day. I knew what I did was a really good and patted myself on the back and went on to do whatever I was doing th at day which is probably nothing.

Analysis of Robert Frost’s Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening Essay

Analysis of Robert Frost’s Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening The poem, â€Å"Stopping by Woods†¦Ã¢â‚¬  speaks of a time that the author paused during a trip to simply enjoy the quiet and beauty of nature. During this short stop, he contemplates mortality and his life so far. Frost also cleverly uses the poems form and sounds to enhance the poem, to entice the readers senses, and immerse them in the scene. With repetitive â€Å"s† and â€Å"h† sounds throughout the poem one can imagine the sound of the sled sliding through the snow, or perhaps the â€Å"easy wind and downy flake† through the trees. The poem was written in iambic tetrameter, which also lends a steady rhythm that mimics the motion of the sled. Or perhaps the â€Å"s† sound could signify that the main character is shivering, for it is the â€Å"darkest evening of the year†, and presumably the coldest. The last two lines of the poem, â€Å"And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep† seem to echo each other. Why did Frost repeat this phrase when one occurrence would be sufficient? The first â€Å"And miles† qu...

Methods to Increase Learning and Success Among Students

The government is now looking into ways of increasing the learning experience of students they could use in the competetive reality of life. The C. S. Mott Foundation suggests that â€Å"the time is ripe to shatter the ‘chalk and talk', 8 a.m. to 3 p.m., September to June concept of school, and stretch and reshape learning time in order to improve student achievement† (Stedron 2007).In his article, â€Å"A new day for learning: its time to look at changing the length and scope of the school day to help kids succeed† Jennifer Stedron enumerated some ways to increase students' learning and explains the advantages of each. Three options were offered: to incorporate summer learning, out-of-school learning or increasing the length of time for a school day or school year.The advantage of including summer learning programs lies with the additional learning experience for students that can prepare them for the next stage of learning.Stedron (2007) held that â€Å"disadva ntaged students tend to fall behind during the summer because of a lack of learning opportunities in the home and community. By fifth grade, this summer slippage accounts for approximately two full years' deficit in reading comprehension levels.†The executive director of Johns Hopkins University Center for Summer Learning held that the differences in summer learning â€Å"account in part for later educational outcomes† (Stedron 2007).New Mexico's Plus Pilot Project, which provides an optional program of at least 40 additional days of school during the summers before and after kindergarten, has resulted with students gaining early literacy skill and social maturity which can considerably prepare them better for the first grade.Out-of-school activities can also increase students learning experience. â€Å"Before- and afterschool programs reinforce the school curriculum and broaden student skills through enrichment activities that might be absent from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m.â₠¬  according to Stedron (2007).She held that â€Å"extra† subjects such as art and music, which have been cut but many schools in favor of the more practical subjects, are â€Å"often what keep some children engaged in and attending school† (Stedron 2007).California Senator Tom Torlakson said that kids get excited about learning and their attachment to school increases since they have to attend school to attend these out-of-school programs.Aside from getting better results from students, investing on these programs will also generate budget savings for the government. Stedron (2007) used the California After School Education and Safety Initiative program as an example of the advantages of out-of-school programs: â€Å"evaluations show increase in student attendance, achievement and good behavior from kids in the programs.And a 50 percent decrease in students who must repeat grades is saving the state the massive expense of an extra year of education for many students .†Nothing can increase learning experience better than extending instructional time, which may be through, but not limited to, summer learning or after-school programs.Stedron, however, stresses that it is not just more school time that the students need. â€Å"They need to opportunities to develop creativity and be leaders† (Stedron 2007). For older students, this may include internship programs which give the students time to learn in the real world.Milt Godlberg, a member of the national Time, Learning, and Afterschool Task Force, believes that â€Å"young people are more engaged in learning and are more motivated when activities are not restricted by the traditional classroom structure† (Stedron 2007). Education should, after all, not be confined within the four corners of the classroom, but must also incorporate the realities of life.Stedron has given profound insights about the topic. Although the claims are not supported by statistical evidences, she has p rovided a convincing argument by providing student reactions and comparisons with the traditional way of learning.Increasing learning experience, not just academically but socially, will benefit the students by also increasing their knowledge, skill, and competetiveness, all of which will consequentially increase their chances of achievement and success.ReferencesStedron, J. (2007). A new day for learning: Its time to look at changing the length and scope of the school day to help kids succeed.

Curriculum Development Essay

1. What is K-12 curriculum? What is the rationale of K-12 curriculum? K- 12 is a designation for the sum of primary and secondary education. It is used in the United States, Canada, Philippines and Australia. It means kindergarten and the twelve years of elementary and secondary education. The kindergarten refers to the 5-year old unit that takes a standardized kinder curriculum. The elementary education refers to primary schooling that involves six or seven years of education and the secondary education refers to high school. The main purpose of K-12 Program is to provide sufficient time for mastery of concepts and skills, develop lifelong learners, and prepare graduates for tertiary education, middle-level skills development, employment, and entrepreneurship. The outcome goals of the K-12 Basic Education Program is to make Philippine education standards to be at balance with international standards, to create more emotionally mature graduates equipped with technical and vocational skills who are better prepared for work, middle level skills development and higher education, to make the educational inputs significantly addressed shortages or gaps, to make the improvement of basic education outcomes broadened and strengthened the stakeholder support, to improve internal efficiency, system of governance in the department and quality of teachers. 2. Essentialists’ point of view of curriculum development? The curriculum is a crucial component of any educational process. It addresses questions such as what students should learn and be able to do, why, how, and how well. In the past, the curriculum was designed merely from the perspective of its cultural transmission functions with its structure consequently reflecting discrete areas of knowledge. According to Kern it is possible to use a six-step approach to curriculum development for Medical Education: 1. Problem identification and general needs assessment The most important step is the first one, the general needs assessment (GNA). The goal of step 1 is to focus the curriculum, by defining the deficits in knowledge, attitude, or skills that currently exist in practitioners and the ideal approach to teaching and learning these objectives. When completed, the GNA makes a strong argument for the need for the curriculum and identifies potential educational research questions. 2. Needs assessment of targeted learners The general needs assessment is applied to targeted learners. What kind of doctor do we want to educate it depends mostly on social needs but it can reflect job opportunities, financial rewards and attitudes acquired during process of studding. Sometimes it is very difficult to make balance between these several needs. Needs can be obtained on different ways. It can be done through study of errors in practice. It is very difficult to design curriculum which will fully meet the needs of society and students 3. Goals and objectives Institution should define overall goals and aims for the curriculum. Specific measurable knowledge, skill/ performance, attitude, and process objectives should be stated for the curriculum. 4. Educational strategies It is necessary to make a plan how to maximize the impact of the curriculum, which content should be included, how content should be organized and with which educational methods, how elements of curriculum should communicate, what kind of educational environment and climate should be developed. Content which is included must provide to student critical thinking. It must be selected and organized on the way to initiate critical approach to facts and development skill of information retrieval. 5. Implementation A plan for implementation, including timelines and resources required, should be created. A plan for faculty development is made to assure consistent implementation. 6. Evaluation and feedback Evaluation of curriculum presents the final stage inside cyclic process of improvement and development of curriculum. 3. Why develop a curriculum? Ever since the term curriculum was added to educators’ vocabularies, it has seemed to convey many things to many people. To some, curriculum has denoted a specific course, while to others it has meant the entire educational environment. Whereas perceptions of the term may vary, it must be recognized that curriculum encompasses more than a simple definition. Curriculum is a key element in the educational process; its scope is extremely broad, and it touches virtually everyone who is involved with teaching and learning. In no other area has greater emphasis been placed upon the development of curricula that are relevant in terms of student and community needs and substantive outcomes. The career and technical and technical curriculum focuses not only on the educational process but also on the tangible results of that process. This is only one of many reasons why the career and technical and technical curriculum is distinctive in relation to other curricular areas and why career and technical education curriculum planners must have a sound understanding of the curriculum development process. 4. What to consider in curriculum development? In planning and developing a curriculum, you should consider the following: 1. Convening a Curriculum Development Committee Such a committee, consisting primarily of teachers who represent the various schools and grade levels in a district, administrators, members of the public and perhaps students, becomes the driving force for curriculum change and the long-term process of implementing the curriculum. It is critical that an effective, knowledgeable and respected chairperson lead such a committee and it includes knowledgeable and committed members who gradually become the district’s de facto â€Å"experts† during the development phases of the process as well as the implementation phases. 2. Identifying Key Issues and Trends in the Specific Content Area The first step in any curriculum development process involves research that reviews recent issues and trends of the discipline, both within the district and across the nation. This research allows a curriculum committee to identify key issues and trends that will support the needs assessment that should be conducted and the philosophy that should be developed. 3. Assessing Needs and Issues Curriculum development should be viewed as a process by which meeting student needs leads to improvement of student learning. Regardless of the theory or model followed, curriculum developers should gather as much information as possible. This information should include the desired outcomes or expectations of a high quality program, the role of assessment, the current status of student achievement and actual program content. The information should also consider the concerns and attitudes of teachers, administrators, parents and students. The data should include samples of assessments, lessons from teachers, assignments, scores on state standardized tests, textbooks currently used, student perception and feedback from parents.

Retort stand and clamp Essay Example

Retort stand and clamp Essay Example Retort stand and clamp Paper Retort stand and clamp Paper In reference to the safety aspect, the radiation source is kept inside a lead block, inside a wooden box, inside another wooden block, tongues are present for the movement of the source so it never directly handled. The sources themselves are in holders, which channel the radioactive output in one direction alone. However as I am working with Gamma radiation this is slightly irrelevant. Also the rad-count dector will be placed in a clamp, to ensure its constant position. The radiation source itself is placed in a L-frame; this will keep it at a constant height. It also reduces the amount of handling needed of the sample. I also made sure that I was over 16 years of age before beginning, and made a concerted effort not to ingest the radiation source. Method 1. ) Take the background count of radiation by turning on the digital radcount, and setting to detection for 1 minute three times. 2. ) Remove the cobalt-60 from its lead container, and using tweezers put in the l-frame source rig. 3. ) Securely attach a metre rule to the desk, brace the l-frame against it, with the vertical section corresponding to a whole number on the metre rule 4. ) Secure the digital rad-count dector in a clamp attached to a retort stand, align this with the cobalt-60 and place it to be touching. 5. ) Set the digital rad-count to detection, for one minute, do this three times 6. ) Move the l-frame what you estimate to be 2. 5 mm from the digital rad-count, and set the digital vernier callipers to 2. 5 mm, cheek the distance of the l-frame and refine as necessary. 7. ) Repeat steps five and six until a distance of 3cm is achieved. Repeat step 1 at distance 1. 5 cm and 3cm. Analysis of Results I feel that my results prove that gamma radiation does obey the inverse square law; to begin with we will look at the graph in which the radiation count is plotted against distance A curve is described thus suggesting that intensity is inversely proportional to the distance. However this graph goes no way to prove that it is inversely proportional to the square of the distance, for that we need to construct a graph with one over the square root of the radiation count plotted against distance. My graph clearly shows a straight line. Thus it is shown that Gamma radiation obeys the inverse square law. However the Equation I achieve is actually Y= -0. 77X + 3. 02, but rather than proving that gamma radiation doesnt obey the inverse square law, I feel it merely points out certain experimental errors, namely the inaccuracies in distance. Although they may only have been +- 0. 5 mm, when working on a scale of 2. 5 mm at times the percentage error is very high. So I feel that these graphs more than adequately prove the inverse square law holds for gamma radiation. My trial experiment in light also proves that the inverse square law holds for light. In a similar method to the gamma experiment if we plot a graph of light intensity against distance, we obtain a curve. The fact it is a curve is good, however it is more than that it is a curve, with an almost perfect half life, the value not changing significantly for each half-life. Being around 2. 5cm. The fact it has such a good half-life makes the need for further graphs redundant, it conclusively proves the inverse square law. The half-life shows that if the distance is doubled the intensity is decreased by a factor of four. The fact that light and gamma radiation obey the inverse square law is solid proof that all members of the electromagnetic spectrum will obey the inverse square law. Evaluation Systematic Errors There was a high uncertainty in my measurement of distance. The cobalt 60 is kept within a metal tube. During my experimental procedure, I measured from the front of this tube, however the source could have been up to 5mm into the tube. Over short distances this leads to very high percentage errors. A similar thing is present in the Geiger-muller counter and tube. Like previously the actual dector is set inside the plastic casing, and could have been up to 5mm inside the tube. This leads to very high percentage errors again, which I will calculate later. There is a possibility that the counter and radiation source were actually slightly out of line, so as the two moved apart, there would be a horizontal angular discrepancy, this would lead to a count lower than it should be. However, attaching a meter rule to the desktop and bracing both the source clamp and the retort stand against it, and ensuring the two align as closely as possible, this problem is solved, this should also solve the problem on the vertical angular discrepancy. More extreme measures include bracing the equipment against the secure ruler to eliminate horizontal angular discrepancies, and attaching mini spirit levels to the source and detector to ensure the vertical angular discrepancies are kept to a minimum. It could also be possible to attach a laser pen to one of the pieces of equipment and ensuring the position of the laser light on the opposing piece of equipment doesnt change. This will eliminate both horizontal and vertical angular discrepancies. However these tow suggestions are impractical, the only laser light I have access to is actually very powerful, and could easily blind if directed at the ye, so I feel the danger levels here are to high. I only have access to large sprit levels, which would not be practical to attach to the equipment. Plus as I am only working over small distances any angular discrepancy will not produce high percentage errors. Another possible error would be if the count exceeds the level at which the dector could perceive. This would lead to what is known as dead time. As there is radioactive activity not being detected hence a deceptively low count would be present. But for this to occur it would require radiation counts far in excess of what the weak Gamma source I used was capable of, so this can be ignored.

How LinkedIn Networks You like a Pro

How LinkedIn Networks You like a Pro Recently I needed to build momentum as a certified SEO copywriter. Enter LinkedIn, a highly undervalued networking resource for writers, and suddenly, I had a new strategy for landing writing gigs. The types of writing gigs one reaches for on LinkedIn can be typically found under â€Å"search job† tab where you also enter your location. There is a plethora of niche driven writing and editor jobs which companies and agencies pay big bucks to advertise. Such gigs include technical, romance, email marketing writer, B2B/B2C, freelance, copywriting, digital content, SEO writers, among many others. But consider also using LinkedIn to network with potential people who may need your services. For example, if you’re an SEO content writer, you might want to network with CEOs of SEO agencies. Or if you are a freelance writer, you might want to connect with editors or publishers. There are two ways to leverage LinkedIn as a professional. The first is optimizing your LinkedIn profile and the second is networking. Be Keyword Friendly   Just like on any social media site, your prospect has just a few seconds to size you up. There are two prime real estates on LinkedIn: Your title and your profile. 1) A professional title that spells out your focus or niche.   Keywords help you build professional credibility. They are also used 2) A strong profile describing how you help clients. Using a bit of sales copy helped me restructure my profile so it’s not about me but what I can do for the client. (https://www.linkedin.com/in/doritsasson/)   Consider using the powerful second person, â€Å"you.† What does your prospect currently struggle with and need help with? If your prospect is a hiring manager representing clients, what are your client’s pain points? Increase Personal Outreach The more people you know on LinkedIn, the higher the chances your profile will be seen Adjust Your Profile Settings Once you increase your networking pool, start making those direct contacts. Leverage your network When a prospect views my profile, I immediately follow up with this short but sweet note: Hey, Prospect X, I noticed you were looking at my profile. I was just wondering if you needed marketing, writing, or any SEO support. If so, I’d be happy to hop on a call and talk with you. Thanks! There you go†¦nothing too scary! Post Regularly Finally, be sure to post regularly. No-one wants to hop on your LinkedIn profile only to find that the last time you’ve posted was six months ago. Inactivity shows a lack of professional commitment. Happy networking!

Botswana †From Ancient Times to Current Democracy

Botswana – From Ancient Times to Current Democracy The Republic of Botswana in southern Africa was once a British protectorate but now is an independent country with a stable democracy. It is also an economic success story, rising from its status as one of the poorest countries of the world to the middle-income level, with sound financial institutions and plans to reinvest its natural resource income. Botswana  is a landlocked country dominated by the Kalahari Desert and flatlands, rich in diamonds and other minerals. Early History and People Botswana has been inhabited by humans since the dawn of modern humans about 100,000 years ago. The San and Khoi peoples were the original inhabitants of this area and South Africa. They lived as hunter-gatherers and spoke Khoisan languages, noted for their click consonants. Migrations of People into Botswana The Great Zimbabwe empire extended into eastern Botswana a thousand years ago, and more groups migrated into the Transvaal. The areas major ethnic group is the Batswana who were herders and farmers living in tribal groups. There were larger migrations into Botswana of these people from South Africa during the Zulu wars of the early 1800s. The group traded ivory and skins with the Europeans in exchange for guns and were Christianized by missionaries. British Establish the Bechuanaland Protectorate Dutch Boer settlers entered Botswana from the Transvaal, sparking hostilities with the Batswana. The leaders of the Batswana sought assistance from the British. As a result, the Bechuanaland Protectorate was established on March 31, 1885, including modern Botswana and parts of present-day South Africa. Pressure to Join the Union of South Africa The inhabitants of the protectorate did not want to be included in the proposed Union of South Africa when it was formed in 1910. They were successful in staving it off, but South Africa continued to pressure the UK to incorporate Bechuanaland, Basutoland, and Swaziland into South Africa. Separate advisory councils of Africans and Europeans were established in the protectorate and the tribal rule and powers were further developed and regularized. Meanwhile, South Africa elected a nationalist government and established apartheid. A European-African advisory council was formed in 1951, and a consultative legislative council was established by a  constitution in 1961. In that year, South Africa withdrew from the British Commonwealth. Botswana Independence and Democratic Stability Independence was secured peacefully by Botswana in June  1964. They established a constitution in 1965 and held general elections to finalize independence in 1966. The first president was Seretse Khama, who was the grandson of King Khama III of the Bamangwato people and a prominent figure in the movement for independence. He was trained in law in Britain and married to a white British woman. He served three terms and died in office in 1980. His vice president, Ketumile Masire, likewise was reelected several times, followed by Festus Mogae and then Khamas son, Ian Khama. Botswana continues to have a stable democracy. Challenges for the Future Botswana is home to the worlds largest diamond mine and its leaders are wary of over-dependence on a single industry. Their economic growth has raised them into the middle-income bracket, although there is still high unemployment and socioeconomic stratification. A significant challenge is the HIV/AIDS epidemic, with a prevalence estimated at over 20 percent in adults, the third highest in the world.​Source: US Department of State Background Notes

Global warming essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global warming - Essay Example Since 1980, there has been a massive change in global average temperatures and this has certainly risen significantly within the last century. The core reason behind such indefinite rise in temperature has been caused due to the constant increase in greenhouse gas emissions which has been produced due to various human activities. As a matter of fact, most scientists have agreed on the fact that the atmosphere of the planet’s temperature has risen approximately by 0.7 degree Celsius since 1980 and it there is a threat that it may even continue to increase at this astounding rate in the near future. According to many scientists and researchers, 1990 has been recorded as the hottest ever year in the 20th century. Apart from that, the years 1991, 1983, 1985, 1986 and 1989 have been recorded as some of the warmest years in the 20th century. As a consequence, the constant rise in temperature has also been felt all across the globe. Reportedly, temperature of the earth may rise from a reported 1.6Â °C to 5.9Â °C within the next century (Hughes, pp. 56-61). A huge increase in the quantity of greenhouse gases definitely leads to an increase of global warming in the atmosphere. The increase in greenhouse gases leads to an increase in CO2 emission, which is proposed to be the single largest contributor for global warming because it has the largest share among green house gases within the atmosphere (Schneider, pp. 23-29). However, there are ways through which this issue can be mitigated. A good way to solve this problem is forestation. Plantation of trees can help in restoring the balance which was disturbed by greenhouse gases. The utilization of vehicles which are fuel-efficient and which have lower C02 emissions of dangerous gases can be used to control this global issue. There have been growing concerns regarding CO2 emissions and a massive increase in global temperatures have

How Advertising is influenced by Ethics Research Paper

How Advertising is influenced by Ethics - Research Paper Example the literature review below, a comprehensive discussion on the different aspect of ethics and its influence on advertising for healthcare segment has been stated, which will assist the readers in getting a glimpse of the control that ethical advertising has on healthcare segment. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Influence of Ethics in Advertising Advertisements influence the thought process of the people and modify their outlook and behavior for the environment around them and the world. Therefore, moral principles, which are better known to be ethics, should be taught and understood by the advertisers, so that they can positively deliver the message that they intend to transmit. Ethics in advertising involves certain moral principles that have crucial role. The moral principle mainly emphasize on truthfulness, social dignity and responsibility of human beings. Truthfulness or honesty is the first characteristics that every advertisement must possess. Misrepresentation of information or exag geration should be strictly avoided. On the other hand, human dignity should not be harmed through advertisement, through criticism that violates rights or involves discriminations on any grounds. Ethics is just the starting point in advertising. The ethical decisions that are taken by the advertisers are generally complex and it includes steering through a moral maze of contradictory forces. When advertisements are developed by marketers, contradictions are apparent between cost and ethics, strategy and ethics or effectiveness and ethics. It is the obligation of the advertiser or the advertising professional to have an absolute knowledge of the industry standards, so that tactics can be executed without barring the industry norms. In these situations, aspects like personal judgment and... According to a customer, advertising is a way by which marketers can demonstrate about their product and lure them to buy it. However, advertising is not mere a lure game. It goes beyond just showing what is there to be sold. It is a serious business, which might cost lives of customers if not ethically done. In this research paper, the focus was on exploring the influence of ethics in advertising in healthcare marketing. Healthcare marketing involves promoting medicines, healthcare service by hospital and physicians, etc. Ethics is the most significant characteristics in advertising, but in healthcare segment, it is further important because it involves well-being of humans and animals too. Every country has their set of regulations and code of ethics for advertising, marketing or promotion. However, innumerable cases of misrepresentation, unethical practice, exaggeration, false claims, etc reveal that there are loop hole in codes of ethics which are being taken advantage of. There are no restrictions on freedom of speech or expression in any country, but it would be recommended that stricter laws for advertisement selection or broadcasting on television or online platforms.

Art periods - Impressionism and Post Impressionism Essay

Art periods - Impressionism and Post Impressionism - Essay Example The impressionist deviated from their predecessor artists as they painted in the open air (en plain air) (Rewald, 2005). This was very important in confronting the modern city life and the nature. They further painted their work by use of pure color. The use of pure color was very important as they made the work of the artist impressive. The work was attractive unlike the previous artistic work. The artists who fall in this category influenced the western conception of drawings and paintings. The impressionists revolutionized the western work of art. It was an avenue of the post impressionists who created their work basing on the impressionism. They modified the impressionism work of art. They thus, maintained some other aspects of the impressionism. The impressionism is very important as it made a base for the post impressionism. All the paintings, drawings and films of post- impressionism were borrowed from the impressionism. Even though the post impressionists deviated from the im pressionists, they still borrowed some knowledge from impressionists to perfect their works of art. Claude Monet is the greatest artist in this period. He aimed at catching light and atmosphere something which had not been thought by the past artists. His enjoyment in painting outdoors let to spontaneous and free painting technique. Monet’s brushwork is remarkably varied and flexible. He could change his work. Sometimes his work was dappled and sparking but at other times it was broad and sweeping.

Demings point Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Demings point - Essay Example Result orientation focuses on the output of the process. Result orientation focuses on the quality and quantity of the output. In the workplace, it includes having a setup list that is used to determine if the goals of the process have been achieved. For example, in factory, the management is supposed to make sure all the departments are taken care of. The departments, which include manufacturing, sales, processing, human resource and the finance department, should be well coordinated so that whole process smooth. A neglect of any one department can lead to the collapse of the whole system or the whole system being inefficient. A firm should have a good relationship with its customers, community and the employees themselves. A good relationship with the community is reached when the firm has a social responsibility programme that benefits the community. The programmes may include funding community projects,organizing trade fairs that educate them and giving the locals a priority during hiring of employees. A good working relationship enhances the firms image; hence boosting its

The Bagman's Father Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Bagman's Father - Essay Example The task of killing Master Smythe was assigned to the Bagman, while instruction to Smyth was given to pour that extra vengeance within the Bagman. According to the underworld tenet, murdering a target does not end the task. The boss must ensure that he does not get into trouble in near future. For this reason, the hired assassins are murdered after they finish a couple of assignments. This is also done to ensure that they are not double crossing their respective underworld agencies or getting too much access to information and business associates. Ordo Ramachandran is one the characters who is introduced in the very beginning of the story. Though most of the story revolves around the letter or parcel that is to be delivered to him, he exists just as a name most of the time. It is only in the climax that he is introduced to the readers. He appears as a flat character without any special attribute or features. He remains as a minor character along with Bertie, ratha, Verigible Smythe a nd other associates of Ramachandran. Avila Schond is the lady with command. Though she is the only female character in men’s world, she makes it a point to get respect from each one of them. Her character is never revealed fully, and all the time she appears to be shrouded in mystery. However she is woman with feminine qualities and this is evident from the way she treats the Bagman at the very end by wishing for his wellbeing. Bagman’s father after whom the story is named, never but twice comes into limelight. However, both the times, he marks his presence. The readers find in him an affectionate guardian and apparently a gentleman with great appetite associated with Religious Matters. At the closing of the story he becomes a doting father ready to accept his bustard son. However it is the character of Bagman himself which appears to be most convincing. He is a man highly dedicated to his task or duty. Though it seems that morality or conscience has entirely dried up in him, he displays association for people- for instance, with his father whom he affectionately calls ‘Dad’. He has an inner voice which often connects to him in form of ‘crab fish’ or ‘Died happy’. He feels for his father more than himself while confronting Master Smythe. Bagman is the protagonist who narrates the story in first person to the readers. He is a character who cannot be predicted but a man of manners who knows how to present himself in front of his Father and women. Both he and Avila might change after they set for Feris or Americia. At no point the character of Bagman seems unreal. The actions and the stream of consciousness within the Bagman makes the readers aware that he is but an ordinary man whose profession makes him seem unreal. The plot is finely formed and the actions are tightly knit. In the very beginning, the readers get an apprehension that something is going to happen by the drab and somber setting of the restauran t. The story takes place in an unreal land of Feris but mention of ‘Madras’, ‘Ghee’- rolls, implies that the place exists. One might find the details and settings a little exaggerated when the story begins. A crowd of uncouth people signify that the action of the story is not a bright one. However, the actions are not set in regular pattern. Once the action starts, it does not cease. Scenes of being summoned by Avila, killing a man, secretly opening messages, searching for Ramachandran, escaping from being shot and

Demings point Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Demings point - Essay Example Result orientation focuses on the output of the process. Result orientation focuses on the quality and quantity of the output. In the workplace, it includes having a setup list that is used to determine if the goals of the process have been achieved. For example, in factory, the management is supposed to make sure all the departments are taken care of. The departments, which include manufacturing, sales, processing, human resource and the finance department, should be well coordinated so that whole process smooth. A neglect of any one department can lead to the collapse of the whole system or the whole system being inefficient. A firm should have a good relationship with its customers, community and the employees themselves. A good relationship with the community is reached when the firm has a social responsibility programme that benefits the community. The programmes may include funding community projects,organizing trade fairs that educate them and giving the locals a priority during hiring of employees. A good working relationship enhances the firms image; hence boosting its

This is for Human Growth and Development class (Socw) Essay

This is for Human Growth and Development class (Socw) - Essay Example It proposes that environmental experience shapes personal character. It is not the genetic makeup that controls the biological fate. Two forms of control are, therefore, proposed to influence development; the internal control (genes) in nature and the external control (environment) as per nurture. Nature assumes that the development of characters that deviate from the norm is indication of the expression of defective genes. This causes the concept of victimization and irresponsibility. In the nurture, the gene activity is linked to changes in the conditions that may enhance the potential of inducing dysfunction or disease. The regulation and control of the environment shape an individual’s biological expression. The environment directly controls the behavior and gene activity (Lipton, 2002). The failure to account failure to account for genetically controlled human when there are not enough genes to code proteins is cited as a drawback to gene determinism (Lipton, 2002). The proficiency of cells to maintain successful and integrated life in the absence of genes reveals that genes are not predominant in cell function. Therefore, genes cannot control biology since they are no self-emergent (Lipton, 2002). Genes cannot self-actualize and are chemically unable to turn on or off at will. Gene expression is under the regulatory control of environmental signals that act through epigenetic mechanisms. In conclusion, genes can be regarded as expressing life but not control. Nurture seems to play a most principal role in human development compared to nature. The change in environment generates need for new

Effects Of Bush’s Foreign Policies Essay Example for Free

Effects Of Bush’s Foreign Policies Essay It is not without reason that analysts and scholars alike find Bush’s foreign policy to be alienating the united states in the international system and practicing unilateralism when making key international decisions. Key to these policies is what has come to be referred to as â€Å"Bush Doctrine†; this is to denote the nature of President’s Bush dominant policy adopted after the occurrences of the September 11, 2001. Many admit that U. S foreign policy changed dramatically after that attack, assuming isolationism, a radical shift from the key ideals Bush espoused during his campaigns (Brzezinski, Z, 2004) Bush foreign policy during his campaigns was on bedrock of improved relations with the nations in Latin America. However, most of his efforts in both his first and second terms have been taken up by his involvement in the wars; both Iraq and Afghanistan. This whoever is not the only reason he has been receiving criticism. He has overruled and withdrawn from core global initiatives that have put the nation on a collision path with other countries across Europe and Asia. The Kyoto protocol for example is one where the rest the world is united in its criticism for the United States decision to pour cold water on it. Kyoto Protocol is a convention that was aimed at significantly reducing and controlling the amount of greenhouse gases emissions. Despite the fact that the United States is the biggest emitter of these gases, it has been adamant in the protocols ratification. During Presidents Bush reign, the United States has backtracked on the agreement signed thirty years back in 1972 between the country and the Soviet Union. America made that decision in 2002. In making the decision Bush claimed hat the step was necessitated by the need to protect the United States citizens and interests across the world from terrorists and other enemy states (Alterman, E. Mark G. , 2004). It is also in this period that America withdrew from the Ottawa treaty that seeks to ban landmines use or their production. The United States now sits together with China and Russia amongst others that have refused to join in the treaty. This is just but a superficial look of the trend that has been characteristic of Bush foreign policy, a policy that has been under much criticism both within and outside the United states. It is the war on terror that has raised questions over it legitimacy and appropriateness with most in the United States questioning whether President Bush has usurped the authority of the congress in the military engagements abroad. To understand Bush foreign policy, it is important that the analysis be carried out in accordance to the specific region or countries. The United States foreign policy is defined in accordance to the type of a relationship that both states enjoy and how important a country is towards America or the amount of the threat it poses either in trade or security wise. Europe for example continues to enjoy a lukewarm reception from the United States especially over the much criticism and lackluster support given during the Iraq war. A key ally in Europe remains the United Kingdom especially in the reign of Tony Blair as the Prime Minister (Dalby, Simon, 2005). Interestingly though is Bush focus on the African continent more than any sitting president in the white house. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief is for example a program initiated by President Bush with an intention of reducing the prevalence rate and the impact of the AIDS scourge across Africa especially in the sub-Saharan region. This remains the hallmark of Bush administration-accomplishments in Africa, with most analysts saying it is a legacy building venture. These, together with Doha round talks. President Bush is still contending with the challenges that his policies are producing. The relation with China is one such headache. Prior to his election, Bush had vowed to introduce a foreign policy that would be a radical shift from his predecessor president Bill Clinton, on the United States relationship with China, saying that he would consider China as a competitor. The recent decades have seen China grow and emerge from an abyss of unknown to become a global player and a great threat to the United States. Both these nations appear to be on a clashing course, trading accusations and counter accusations. The issues at hand have centered on the intellectual property rights with the Bush administration accusing Beijing of violating the IPR of American companies. The U. S has also accused China on its human rights record. Notable however has been the cordial relations that the Bush administration and the Chinese government have enjoyed over the past years though underneath they are both very weary of each other and cautious. Under Bush’s rule, positively though, both countries have been moving towards improved cooperation with most in the United States acknowledging the massive threat posed to the nation by one of the fastest growing economy in the world. With the Korean nuclear headache in mind, Bush has had no choice than to initiate cooperation with China. In fact many attribute the current economic woes in America to the stiff competition from China. None however has received the largest portion of Bush in terms of attention than the Middle East. It has remained a region that has witnessed a downfall to his popularity ratings in the United States and across the world. His focus in the Middle East kicked off in earnest after the September 11th attack and war on terror officially commenced after he launched a military strike against the Taliban in Afghanistan and installed in administration friendly to the United States interests. He also initiated a massive hunt for Osama Bin Laden the Al Qaeda leader but still has not paid off yet. Following on the steps of Bill Clinton who signed the Iraqi Liberation Act, President Bush launched a much-criticized war against Saddam Hussein that succeeded in his removal and execution. Prior to attacking Iraq, Bush had tried to convince the Security Council to pass a resolution that would compel Iraq to allow inspectors and initiate a full process of disarmament. It is against this backdrop that Bush went on and ordered a strike starting a war hat has continued to paint him in a bad light. This remains a glaring dent to his presidency. Since the days of President Richard Nixon and President Lyndon Johnson, never has the history of the United States witnessed public out roar over the nation’s foreign policy like it has seen since 2001. Where initially analysts and the public were supportive of the war believing the strikes against terror would be quick and decisive, as Bush had made people to believe, this support as years went by turned into consternation and apprehension. Bush is simply not getting enough and wanted a shot at Iraq misleading the congress that there were weapons of mass destruction in Iraq and that Iraq posed a serious threat to the United States. He committed troops to Iraq in one of the most costly war the United States has ever seen, costly in terms of financial expenses and public morale. Both combined the Iraq and Afghanistan wars have cost the United States over three hundred and fifty billion dollars at the moment and more is lined up by the congressional budge. This much against growing resentment at home and skepticism over where the war in Afghanistan and Iraq has made the nation safer. Political and economic advisors together with prominent policy advisors have admitted that this spending in the war is to blame for the fiscal and monetary crisis facing the country. There is a backlash in the United States economy. Senator Chuck Hagel from Nebraska admitted that the war spending have gone way above the prior tentative projections. Putting it candidly, he said Bush was out of touch with the reality. The economic recession in the United States is real. Whereas the current economic wars facing the United States cannot be fully attributed to the war in middle east, as there are many factors in the international system that have contributed to this, the ineptitude of Bush foreign policy has had a role to play, as some analysts concede. Bush has been unable to combine his ambitious plan in foreign policy with tenable fiscal and monetary strategies to ensure the economy survives the international shocks. The worst critics of Bush foreign policy and spending are the democrats who justifiably have criticized Bush administration plans to cover the deficit in the war budget with appropriation outside the budget instead of cutting at on non priority government projects. It was fool handy for Bush to go it alone in the Iraq war as it is the taxpayers who have to shoulder the costs unlike in the gulf war where senior Bush was able to convince allies to chip in. more so, Bush senior’s invasion of Iraq to liberate Kuwait was more justified and he also had the publics support (Ambrosias, Lloyd E. , 2006). Bush’s ‘lone ranger’ foreign policies are hurting the country more than he or his strategists are willing to admit. First of all Bush has altered keys ideals of the international system in which the Americans corporations survive. Most of the United States foreign investments are located in Europe and pacific. The U. S put the relations between the United States and these two key regions at jeopardy by the U. S unilateralist. The France and Germany diplomatic rows on the justification of the Iraq war may have been just but a tip of the iceberg (Carter, Graydon, 2004). Bush foreign policies have made it clear that the United States is a lone ranger and would go at whatever cost to protect its interests, the opinion of other key players in the international system not withstanding. This is fast eroding the cordial relations that existed before. The trade policies are a good example to this; with a single stroke he introduced tariffs on trade hurting the revenue of hundreds of companies. The cost of the war is huge and some analysts are accusing Bush administration of under estimating the figure. Joseph Stiglitz an economic strategist and a Nobel prize winner in his book â€Å"The three trillion dollar war† claims that president Bush is largely misrepresenting the figures. President Bush has maintained that the war in Iraq cannot be possibly the cause of the economic slump experienced in the United States; rather it is the prevailing economic conditions. Bush went ahead and said in retrospect, the war has created jobs and the need for more manufacturer and supplies from the United States companies. His argument, Joseph Stiglitz, argues is based on a traditional thought that the war is good for the economy as it lead to an expansion of the economy. This is a belief that economists no longer share. The economy is slumping because the federal government in its bid to correct the situation introduced liquidity and people have taken to debts to finance their expeditions. The oil prices have soared and are leaving the country with huge debts especially from the Middle East. A poll that has been conducted lately found that majority of the Americans believes that the war in Iraq has been having profound impact on the economy. Seventy percent of those polled believe that Bush war is to blame; this is contrary to what president Bush thinks is the cause. To him, the economic recession is caused by people building too â€Å"many houses† (Carter, Graydon, 2004). The economic cost of the war aside, the magnitude of the loss is discouraging coupled with other negative effects the Bush foreign policies are having on the pubic psyche. The turn around made by the Bush administration after the September 11th attack has played a great deal in demonizing people along religious lives. Bush has succeeded in orchestrating a campaign that has crated a negative perception towards Muslims not only in the clutter stakes but also worldwide. Muslims in America are viewed as extremists waiting to blow up bombs, a dangerous perception indeed that has altered how people relate with each other. Analysts claim that such kind of perception and open hatred policies against Muslims could further fuel the urge towards extremism. His immigration policies are also having a profound effect on Americans social life and corporation’s profits. Big corporations in the United States have been surviving on labor drawn from immigrants, as it is cheap. The tough measure taken by the Bush administration has compounded this and the corporations are already feeling the pinch. It has become increasingly difficult for immigrants to settle in the United States and worse still there are talks of deporting the illegal immigrants already in the United States. This is as a result of a generalized belief that the immigrants could play a great role in stalling progress in the anti-terror wars at home (Dalby, Simon, 2005). The international standing of the United States has largely been dented. The Bush foreign policy continues to create an image of arrogance and unilateralism. It has exhibited rogue and brutish tendencies that has made the world wary of its relations. Bush stand after the September 11th attack that posited that there was no middle ground on the war on terror -you are either with us or against us- risk isolating the United States from the rest of the world and putting its interests world wide at a great security risk. A recent opinion poll has indicated the image of the United States has declined greatly since 2003 after the commencing of the search to the elusive weapons. Its stand as a moral police has been questioned greatly. Major protests held worldwide and specifically in the countries considered to be U. S allies traditionally like Germany is a great indicator of this. U. S reputation in the Middle East has taken a great stride backwards and countries have become soft targets for terrorists for associating with America (Ivo H. D. James M. L. , 2005). President George Bush since his election in 2000 has introduced a foreign policy that has largely contributed in isolating the United States from the rest of the world. His tenure in office has seen him wage two wars and other foreign policies that have been blamed by many to be the cause of the ongoing economic recession. The unemployment rate is at 46 percent and the Americans are feeling the pinch. The international standing of the nation has been jeopardized by the involvement in the illegitimate war and gross abuse of the rights of the suspected terrorists both at home and abroad A shift in policy is needed with the United States embracing multilateralism especially regarding serious issues like terrorism. Huge costs of war can also be avoided through political settlements. References Alterman, Eric and Mark Green, 2004. The Book on Bush: How George W. Bush (Mis) Leads America. New York: Viking Press. Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 2004. The Choice: Global Domination or Global Leadership. New York: Basic Books. Carter, Graydon, 2004. What We’ve Lost: How the Bush Administration Has Curtailed Our Freedoms, Mortgaged Our Economy, Ravaged Our Environment, and Damaged Our Standing in the World. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Bivens, Ph. D. , L. Josh, December 14, 2004. Debt and Dollar. Economic Policy Institute. Dalby, Simon, 2005. Geopolitics, Grand Strategy, and the Bush Doctrine. Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies Working Papers Ambrosias, Lloyd E. , 2006. â€Å"Woodrow Wilson and George W. Bush: Historical Comparisons of Ends and Means in Their Foreign Policies,† Diplomatic History. Britton, Gregory, 2006. â€Å"September 11, American ‘Exceptionalism’, and the War in Iraq,† Australasian Journal of American Studies. Ivo H. Daalder James M. Lindsay, 2005. America Unbound: The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy.

Corsi Block-tapping Task (CBT) Performance Experiment

Corsi Block-tapping Task (CBT) Performance Experiment Abstract The Corsi block-tapping task (CBT) is a widely used experimental tool for assessing visuo-spatial memory in both clinical and research contexts. However, whether information other than those spatial and visual (i.e., motor information) play also a role in CBT performance is still a matter of debate. Here, we investigated such issue through a crossed double dissociation design by observing how motor, visual, and spatial secondary tasks affect the performance on three versions of the CBT (standard, automatic and two-dimension). Results showed a double dissociation pattern, wherein two motor secondary tasks had larger effects when the CBT was administered by the examiner tapping on the blocks (standard version). A spatial secondary task had larger effects when the CBT was administered by automatically illuminating the blocks (automatic version). Finally, a visual secondary task had larger effects on a two-dimension, computerized version of the CBT. These findings suggest that memory for movements plays a relevant role in the CBT, and are especially relevant due to their implications for assessment of brain-damaged patients, besides providing further evidence of a fractionation of visuo-spatial memory into multiple sub-components. Keywords: Corsi block-tapping task, visuo-spatial memory, memory for movements. Acknowledgements: The study was supported by a MIUR grant C26F014219 to F.F. Introduction The Corsi Block Tapping test (Milner, 1971; Corsi, 1972) has been widely used in cognitive psychology and in clinical neuropsychology to measure visuo-spatial memory (e.g., Kessels, de Haan, Kappelle, Postma, 2003; Vandierendonck, Kemps, Fastame, Szmalec, 2004) usually within the framework provided by the working memory model (Baddeley Hitch, 1974). The standard apparatus consists of identical blocks irregularly arranged on a board. According to the standard administration procedure, but procedures vary widely among authors, the examiner taps on the blocks in randomized sequences of increasing length. The subject has to immediately reproduce each sequence, continuing until no longer accurate. Performance is measured as the longest sequence of blocks that is correctly reproduced. Notwithstanding Baddeley (2001) reported the CBT as the task that is most closely related to the visuo-spatial short term memory, it is still not clear what of the two components, visual or spatial, it actually measures (Berch, Krikorian, Huha, 1998; Quinn, 2008). This issue is relevant, since studies of both healthy individuals and brain-damaged patients demonstrated dissociable visual and spatial memory systems in humans (Klauer Zhao, 2004; Carlesimo, Perri, Turriziani, Tomaiuolo, Caltagirone, 2001). Such a fractionation of the visuo-spatial working memory is in fair agreement with evidence in primates of separate processing streams for visual and spatial features of objects (e.g., Goodale Milner, 1992). Indeed, it has been proposed in both primates and humans that the dorsal visual system supports spatial working memory functions, and that the ventral visual system supports visual working memory for features of objects (e.g., Goldman-Rakic, 1987). Evidences for a further fractionation of the visuo-spatial working memory were also reported, suggesting specific components of working memory for motor and kinesthetic information (Smyth, 1990). A close link between motor systems and visuo-spatial working memory was actually proposed since the very first studies about working memory (Baddeley, Grant, Wight, Thomson, 1975). However, Smyth and her co-workers (Smyth Pendleton, 1989) firstly suggested that a specific kinesthetic component of working memory might be responsible for the encoding and maintenance of remembered patterned movements (those aimed to bring the body parts into a specific configuration), whereas positional movements (movements targeted towards specific external spatial stimuli) appear to be encoded and maintained within the visuo-spatial sketchpad. Notwithstanding the evidence favorable to a fractionation of the visuo-spatial working memory into multiple components, not necessarily independent one of each other, their relationship with the CBT has been actually scarcely investigated in literature. Though, the complex administration procedure of the CBT makes a more detailed analysis of the processes underlying the CBT strongly needed (Berch, Krikorian, Huha, 1998). More interestingly, and maybe less obviously, the CBT might involve a memory for positional movements, because the administration procedure focuses on the movements of the examiner. However, the contribution of a memory for positional movements in the CBT task has never been investigated so far. It is also worth noting that computerized, two-dimension CBT versions have been frequently used (e.g., Vandierendonck, Kemps, Fastame, Szmalec, 2004), albeit it is not known whether the standard and the computerized versions of the task are equivalent. The present study aims at investigating the architecture of the visuo-spatial working memory as measured by the CBT, through a crossed double dissociation design (Dunn Kirsner, 1988). We followed a standard dual-task procedure, using four secondary tasks aimed at interfering with the spatial, visual, and motor components of visuo-spatial working memory. They were crossed with three versions of the CBT: a) a standard version, wherein the sequences were given by the experimenter tapping on the blocks; in this version of the CBT the supposed motor/positional component was fully present; b) an â€Å"automatic† version, wherein the sequences were given by the blocks being illuminated; in this version the motor/positional component was removed from the task, while the spatial component was unaffected; c) a two-dimension version, presented on a computer monitor, wherein the sequences were given by the squares on the monitor changing their color; in this version, the spatial componen t of the task was reduced, albeit obviously not eliminated, by requiring the task to be performed on a 2D plane instead than in a 3D space. Method Participants. Forty-eight healthy, right handed individuals (mean age 22.4 years) participated in the experiment. All the participants reported normal or corrected-to-normal vision, and were naà ¯ve as to the purposes of the experiment. Stimuli and apparatus. The apparatus was composed of eight translucent white 3 x 3 x 3 cm blocks, each one containing a red light emitting diode (LED). The blocks were fixed at random positions on a 23 x 30 cm translucent white board. Procedure. Three administration procedures were used. In the standard procedure participants observed the experimenter tapping on the blocks, with his/her index finger, at a rate of one block per s, lifting the hand straight up before moving it to the next block (Standard). In the second procedure the to-be-remembered sequence was presented by the computer turning on and off the red LEDs inside the blocks, at a rate of one block per s (Automatic). A third, two-dimension version of the CBT was also used, as it is frequently used in literature as a substitute of the standard version. It was composed of eight blue squares appearing on the computer screen at the same relative positions as the 3D version described above. On each trial, the to-be-remembered sequence was indicated by the blocks changing color from blue to red and again to blue, at a rate of one block per s. The CBT was administered to all the participants according to the three procedures described above, in random order. P articipants had to reproduce the sequence immediately after its administration, by tapping on the blocks using their index finger. Sequences from 3 to 9 blocks in length were presented in ascending order, with two trials per length. All the fourteen sequences were administered to each participant. For each subject, different sequences, equated for paths’ length, were randomly assigned to the three versions of the test. Each participant performed each version of the task both alone (single task condition), and along with one of four interference conditions (dual task condition), in random order: patterned-motor interference, motor interference, spatial interference and visual interference. In the patterned-motor interference condition, participants had to tap with their right index finger on the four corners of a mouse-pad, while the to-be-remembered sequence of blocks was administered. The movement had to be performed clockwise and continuously, at a rate of about one tap per s. Whereas this task is known to interfere with the CBT (Smyth Pelky, 1992), it has both spatial and motor features that makes it difficult to disentangle their contribution. Thus, to remove the spatial component from this task we added a motor interference condition, wherein participants had to snap fingers with their right hand, while the to-be-remembered sequence of blocks was administered. The movement had to be performed continuously, in a regular manner (one snap per s, approximately). The experimenter controlled for the movement being correctly executed. In the spatial interference condition, participants were required to say aloud the side of each of a series of 1000 Hz tones randomly presented to their left or right ear through headphones, at 30 Db Spl with a constant inter-stimulus interval of 2 s. This listening task is supposed to interfere with the spatial component of the visuo-spatial sketchpad [18]. Finally, in the visual interference condition, one of three LEDs placed at the center of the board (one of three colored circles in the Two-Dimension Version) were turned on and off at a rate of one per s. On half the trials the regular sequence was violated, by turning on a differently colored led (on the 3D versions) or displaying a different colored circle (on the 2D version). At the end of each trial, participants were required to say whether a violation occurred on that trial. Twelve participants were randomly assigned to the Patterned-motor, Motor, Spatial, and Visual Interference conditions, respectively. The participants’ performance was measured as the longest sequence that was correctly reproduced at least once (memory span). Performance data were analyzed in a 3x2x4 ANOVA mixed design, with Version (standard, automatic, and two-dimension, within subjects), Condition (single task, dual task, within subjects), and Interference (patterned-motor, motor, spatial, and visual interference, between subjects) as factors. Results One participant in the Spatial Interference condition and two participants in the Visual Interference condition have been excluded from the following analyses because of the relatively large number of errors committed on the interference tasks. The remaining participants performed all the interference tasks at optimal levels, committing less than 3% of errors across visual and spatial interference tasks, and maintaining a regular mean rate of finger snapping and spatial tapping of about 1.2 per s. Figure 1 and Table 1 show the mean memory span length for each version of the CBT and for each interference condition. A preliminary sphericity test failed to show any significant violation of the assumptions underlying the Version and the Version by Condition interference effects (p>.05 in all cases). The analysis of performance data showed significant main effects of Condition (F1,41=139.93, MSE=.42, p2,82=4.24, MSE=.63, p6,82=3.61, MSE=.63, p6,82=4.33, MSE=.63, p.05 in all cases). This finding ensures that the administration procedure did not affect the difficulty of the task. However, the effects of the four kinds of interference upon the three versions of the CBT were very specific. Indeed, the patterned-motor and the motor interference tasks affected negatively the standard version of the test (p.5 in both cases). The spatial interference task affected negatively the participants’ performance at the automatic version of the test (p.05 in both cases). The visual interference task affected negatively the participant’s performance at the two-dimension version of the test (p.05 in both cases). Importantly, such finding cannot be ascribed to the three interfering tasks being not equivalent with respect to each other, because of the triple dissociation procedure we em ployed. Discussion Results of the present experiment suggest that a component of working memory that deals with motor information has the major role in the standard version of the CBT. Indeed, the effects of both the motor and patterned-motor interference tasks were notably larger than those of the spatial and visual interference tasks in the standard version of the CBT. The crossed double dissociation general pattern of results strongly supports this interpretation. Indeed, the spatial interference task was more effective than both the motor interference tasks in the â€Å"automatic† version of the CBT, whereas only the visual interference task was effective in the two-dimension version of the CBT. Such result does not depend on confounding due to the three versions of the CBT being not equated in terms of difficulty, because in the single task condition the performance of the participants was the same in the three versions of the test. Also, it does not depend on the spatial interference task involving a verbal coding of the spatial locations where the tones came from, as the phonological loop has been shown to be not involved in the CBT (e.g., Vandierendonck, Kemps, Fastame, Szmalec, 2004). The finding that the performance on the standard version of the CBT largely depends on individuals coding the movements of the examiner is in fair agreement with the hypothesis that a component of working memory that deals with motor information actually exists, and is independent of the component of working memory that deals with spatial information (e.g., Smyth Pendleton, 1990). It is also in fair agreement with the growing body of neurophysiological and psychological studies that suggest a close link between observing and performing an action (e.g., Rizzolatti, Fadiga, Gallese, Fogassi, 1996). Interestingly, van Asselen and coworkers (van Asselen, Kessels, Sebastiaan, Neggers, Kappelle, Frijns, et al. 2006) have recently interpreted results of a study on stroke patients as suggesting that the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the right posterior parietal cortex (PPC) are involved in keeping spatial information in memory over a short time period, as was assessed wi th the CBT. While the involvement of both the DLPFC and the PPC in spatial memory tasks is not new (e.g., Walter, Bretschneider, Groen, Zurowski, Wunderlich, Tomczak, et al. 2003), it is worth noting that this is not at variance with the hypothesis that a specific component of working memory for positional movements is involved in the CBT. For instance, lesion and physiological studies have shown that the DLPFC has a crucial role in visuospatial control of actions and visuomotor transformations (e.g., Curtis D’Esposito, 2004). Indeed, Hoshi (Hoshi, 2006) in a recent review suggested that the dorsal part of the DLPFC is involved in representing processed motor information, such as arm use or target location, and in integrating multiple classes of information for planning action. Similarly, the PPC is involved in visuomotor transformation, and is thought to serve as a sensorymotor interface for visually guided eye and limb movements (Buneo Andersen, 2006). Moreover, evidence has been recently provided that, within the fronto-parietal network of brain regions involved in learning spatial sequences, two partially segregated neural systems are involved in processing spatial sequences in reaching and navigational space (Nemmi, Boccia, Piccardi, Galati Guariglia, 2013), supporting the idea of a further fractionation of visuo-spatial memory into multiple sub-components. Though, more research is needed in order to specify the relationship between the complex functional architecture of the DLPFC – PPC system and the specific features of the working memory components, including those measured by the CBT. Finally, it is worth noting that the motor and spatial interference tasks affected only marginally the performance on the two-dimension version of the CBT. Such a result suggests that the two-dimension and the standard versions of the CBT cannot be considered as equivalent. This finding is especially relevant because recently two-dimensions, computerized versions of the CBT have been used rather frequently in clinical and experimental settings (Vandierendonck, Kemps, Fastame, Szmalec, 2004; Joyce, Robbins, 1991). In conclusion, the present study shows that the performance on the Corsi block-tapping task  depends largely on a component of working memory specifically dealing with motor information and that this component is independent of that component of working memory that deals with spatial information. Beside providing further evidence of a fractionation of visuo-spatial memory into multiple sub-components, present findings have important implications for clinical assessment of brain-damaged patients and should be taken into account when interpreting the performance on the CBT for neuropsychological rehabilitation treatments in clinical settings.

bar flies Essay -- essays research papers

Bar Flies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When you go to the bar it seems there are always people hanging around much like flies hang around a barn. The people that frequent bars are from many different backgrounds. They are there for a variety of reasons. Some are there to have a burger with friends. Others are spending their time drowning their sorrows with a few drinks. People who frequent bars can be classified into three groups; lifers, regulars, and those who are there to socialize.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first category of bar flies is the lifers. The lifers are the people that always seem to be at the bar. Lifers spend five to seven nights of the week in the bar. They are not always drinking beer or alcohol often they are drinking coffee and talking with the bar tender. Th...

A Comparative Study of Literary

I would like to appreciate deeply the Institute of Post-graduate Studies (PIPS) of Universities Gains Malaysia (ISM) for the graduate assistance scheme which has supported me financially and has permitted me to have more teaching experience in the university. I have really enjoyed it. I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor Dry. Teeing Separate Bin Teeing Maid. You have given your time and attention to my study. You have edified me Intellectually, and morally. I have learnt a lot from you.I am profoundly grateful for all the efforts you have done for me to complete my studies. Well-done and thankful very much! Special thanks go to Mrs.. Teeing Handmaid Teeing Amdahl, and Mr.. Teeing Yah Teeing Maid for their moral support and encouragement. Thanks go also to the staff of the Department of Languages and translation of the Universities Gains Malaysia for their amity, friendship, dealing, and Interaction, which I have enjoyed for the period of my study. I'm grateful to my uncle Houseboys Abraham, and my aunt Marl Abraham for their moral support and encouragement.I ask forgiveness from my children, Camera Mohamed Abode and Housel Mohamed Abode for living away from them for so long. I have lived away from you In your early ages for the quest for knowledge for the Juvenile generation of which you are members. Do understand that I think of you too much. I pray to my late parents, Embargo Abraham and Abode Mindset. May God rest their souls. Finally, I thank God for giving me health and persons, and to bless me to contribute the knowledge I have learnt to mankind in general and to my country, Comers in particular. Amen!The last category deals with translator training, translation aids, and translation criticism. This study is conducted on the second category (TTS); it is a descriptive translation study in literary translation. It describes and compares translation aspects that can be semantically problematic. It is motivated by p roblems concerning the macrostructure (the global meaning of the texts understudy) and macrostructure (the expressive means of the texts understudy), their occurrence, translatability, and effects in literary translation. This study is a multilingual comparative study. It is a descriptive study on literary texts whose dynamic polyester, according to Hermann (1985: 10-12), requires a â€Å"continual interplay between theoretical models and practical case studies† carried out in a descriptive approach which is target-text oriented. Moreover, Avian and Darlene (1995: 9) state that â€Å"translation can be an object of research into the mechanisms of one language in relation to another. Translation allows us to clarify certain linguistic phenomena which otherwise would remain undiscovered. Weston (1991 : 9) points out that translation difficulties deal with overcoming conceptual differences between the SSL and TTL. Wills (1998: 58- 60), van Disk (1981: 5), and Escaroles (1978: 1 2- 14) have linguistically discussed the interdependence between macrostructure and macrostructure in terms of coherence and relationships. The former deal with the global relationships of the events and actions of the text, whereas the latter deals with the local details and their relationships between the

Research Presentation Essay

Materialism – Jhingur judges himself by the value of his property as if this defines his character Quote: â€Å"Whenever Jhingur looked at his cane field a sort of intoxication came over him. He had bighas of land which would earn him an easy 600 rupees. And if God sawto it that therates went up then who could complain? Why should he worry about money? The merchants were already beginning to fawn on him. † From the beginning we seem to focus on the character of Jhingur that seems to value wealth over what may be for himself and his community. Instead of focusing on how his work can positively affect his life, he focuses on the negative. His focus is on his need to make money from his fellow farmers as possible, believing himself to be the better person. Social Issues Explotation Both men are propelled into acts of vengeance that it ultimately destroyed both of their fortunes. This derived from a primitive need for the characters to compete against each other. The material desires at the end have blinded them, and they may never see the true value of life. They brought about their own destruction. The core of this story lies a lesson on how materialism can impair our ability to see what is best for our life. In the period during which India evolved from colonial domination to independence, Tagore and Premchand were pioneers in Modern Indian literature. Their literary works pioneered social issues and the social structure of India that concentrated on the oppressed, human emotions, destruction, oppression of women and life. These authors proved that they can focus on the psychology of the characters instead of social realism. We will explore the context of the stories through the characters journey’s and struggles and unfortunate consequences in the end. â€Å"Punishment† portrayal of the complex relationships among the members of the Rui family and how tragedy can delve into real issues that we have hidden. â€Å"The day on which our story begins was like this†¦.. That day, Dukhiram and Chidam had been working near the zamindar’s office. On a sandbank opposite, paddy had ripened. The paddy needed to be cut before the sanbank was washed away, but the village people were busy either in their own fields or in cutting jute: so a messenger came from the office and forcibly engaged the two brothers. As the office roof was leaking in places, they also had to mend that and make some new wicker wood panels: it had taken them all day. † (p. 893) Two peasant brothers and their wives share a house together. The short-tempered, sloppy wife, Radha, is killed by her husband, Dukhiram, in a fit of anger for failing to prepare the evening meal. The village chief intrudes on the scene immediately following the murder, and the other brother, Chidam, unintentionally identifies the beautiful wife, Chandara, as the killer. Chidam instructs Chandara to lie to protect her brother-in-law. Now, we start to see the divison in the male and female hierarchy. Before this revelation, despite their love for each other, Chandara and Chidam had trouble in the relationship. Chandara suspected her husband of infidelity, and began flirting at the watering hole. Chidam then threatened her stating, â€Å"I’ll break every bone in your body† (p. 896) and locked her in the house. She escaped to a relative’s house, but was persuaded to return only after Chidam â€Å"had to surrender to her. † (p. 896). When we examine this relationship, it great to point out that Tagore states, â€Å"It was as hard to restrain his wife as to hold a handful of mercury. † (p. 896) Chandara has achieved a sort of power by submission; we tend to question where the balance of power lies in this relationship. The chain of events after the murder further explores the complexity in the relationship of Chidam and Chandara. When discussing the murder they agree that Chidam will save Chandara from execution, if she agrees to his lie. Chidam expects Chandara to relate that her sister-in-law attacked her and that Radha was killed in self-defense. After being taken into custody by the police, Chandara defies her husband by telling the police that the attack was unprovoked and puts her own life at risk. She was so angry with him that she refuses to see him before her execution stating, â€Å"To hell with him. †(p. 899). She accepts the punishment for a crime she did not commit in order to punish Chidam. She will not give him the satisfaction of saving her. Chidam gets her to take the blame for the crime but loses in the end by not getting his wife back. The story is unique by telling a story about the complex nature of human behavior and the unjust social set up of how women had no social status and importance in a family. Evidence of how the oppression of women is shown when Chidam states, â€Å"a wife can be replaced but a brother cannot be replaced,† (p. 894) clearly points out women are not valued. Tagore touches on women being oppressed and how social injustice was a common thing issue for women in rural Bangladesh during that time.

migrant workers in UK

IntroductionThere has been a big addition in the figure of migratory workers in the UK in recent old ages ( McKay, Craw & A ; Chopra, 2006 ) . These additions have been spurred on by globalization, the spreads opening in the UK labor market and legislative alterations that provide many and varied methods for coming to the UK. While many migratory workers move into extremely skilled occupations, there are besides a important figure who carry out low-paid, low-skilled occupations in the UK. The wage and conditions in these occupations has become the focal point of much involvement, particularly in the aftermath of the flooring deceases of 23 migratory workers reaping cockles at Morecambe Bay. This essay, hence, critically examines the history of migration and current policies, the ways in which migratory workers have been exploited, wellness and safety hazards they face and legal protections that have been put in topographic point.History of migration and migration policiesThe history of migration into and out of the UK is good established ( Sriskandarajah & A ; Drew, 2006 ) . In the past the consequence of this motion has been that people have by and large left the state: normally heading for Australia, New Zealand Canada. Then, more late, people progressively moved out of the UK to Spain and France. It was n't until the eightiess that the UK became a state which had a net inflow of migrators ( Sriskandarajah, Cooley & A ; Kornblatt, 2007 ) . Net in-migration reached its highpoint in the UK in 2004 at 222,600 ; a twelvemonth subsequently it fell back by around 40,000. There were a figure of histrions that caused this alteration. Dobson et Al. ( 2001 ) explain that one ground for this alteration to net in-migration was that the extremely skilled could command better rewards and obtain an improved life style in the UK. In add-on there was besides a big addition in the figure of refuge applications at this clip ( Home Office 2006 ) . Further, with the add-on of new member provinces to the EU, there was increasing migration with 605,375 people successfully registering to work in the UK from these new member provinces ( Home Office, 2007 ) . Despite the net in-migration to the UK, many do non mean to remain for good. Spencer, Ruhs, Anderson and Rogaly ( 2007 ) found that merely one-fourth of those immigrating from East and Central Europe intended to remain for good. Others once more, can be considered irregular migrators. These are people who have come to the UK without the right authorization. Pinkerton, McLaughlan and Salt ( 2004 ) estimation at that place could hold been every bit many as 430,000 illegal immigrants in the UK in 2001. This figure has been questioned, nevertheless, by Dorling ( 2007 ) who suggests this figure might falsely include US military forces stationed here, and others, thereby unnaturally blow uping the Numberss. Whatever the true degree of migrators in the UK, both legal and illegal, there have been clear alterations in in-migration policies over the last few decennaries. Laws sing migration into the UK have besides changed quickly and a big assortment of different ways of come ining the UK have been developed ( Dench, Hurstfield, Hill & A ; Akroyd, 2006 ) . A recent Home Office study finds that there about 50 different methods for people migrating to the UK for both work and survey ( Home Office, 2005 ) . Five strategies are identified as peculiarly of import by Dench et Al. ( 2006 ) . The first of these is the Seasonal Agricultural Workers Scheme ( SAWS ) . This was introduced to let workers populating outside the European Economic Area ( EEA ) to work in the UK transporting out seasonal work in the agricultural industry. Under this strategy 16,250 people each twelvemonth who are over the age of 18 and in full-time instruction are allowed to come in the UK for a period of six months to tra nsport out chiefly unskilled work. This includes picking and wadding of harvests and the handling of farm animal. The ordinances allow that workers may travel employers in that period to take into history the variableness in the crop. Workers are supposed to be paid the lower limit pay and supply adjustment, for which they are allowed to bear down & amp ; lb ; 27 a hebdomad. A 2nd strategy is the Worker Registration Scheme ( WRS ) which applies to people from the eight Accession States ( those that have merely joined the EU ) . In order to forestall mass in-migration and the immediate claiming of benefits, workers traveling to the UK are required to register, and merely one time they have worked without a interruption for 12 months are they entitled to full benefits and other rights. A 3rd strategy is the Sectors Based Scheme ( SBS ) which is designed to let workers to come in the UK to make a insouciant or short-run occupation. This lone applies to two peculiar sectors: nutrient fabrication and cordial reception although it has since been withdrawn from cordial reception because of maltreatment ( Home Office, 2005 ) . A 3rd strategy is the Highly Skilled Migrant Programme ( HSMP ) which is designed to let extremely skilled workers to come in the UK. The Home Office ( 2005 ) study provinces that many migrators come ining the UK under this strategy are ph ysicians or are working in the country of wellness. A 5th class, and the largest method of entry, is through concern and commercial work licenses. Broadly, this allows companies to enroll from outside the UK if they are unable to make full a place with a UK national, or it allows them to travel persons between states within the same company.Motivations for migrationAt the highest degree of analysis one of the chief grounds for in-migration is globalization. Globalization refers to a figure of forces which includes the increased connexions between cognition Centres, easier entree to communications, easier and cheaper travel and an increased flow of labor ( Somerville, 2007 ) . By and large, so, there is much greater integrating across big economic countries such as Europe. It has been argued that one of the specifying marks of globalization is in-migration ( Castles & A ; Miller, 2003 ) . Somerville ( 2007 ) argues, hence, that one of the major factors at the bosom of globalization a nd so migration is economic sciences. As economic force per unit areas change in the UK, so make the types of occupations for which in-migration occurs. Salt and Millar ( 2006 ) show that in 2005 the industry in which most work licenses were issued was wellness and medical services ( 26.1 % ) . This was followed by computing machine services and direction and concern disposal ( 18.1 % and 11.8 % severally ) . Migrants are, hence, clearly reacting to the peculiar demands that the UK economic system nowadayss to them more readily than those already in the UK. This consequence has been amplified by the fact that the UK has seen a period of uninterrupted growing of the economic system from the mid-1990s until recent old ages. Therefore there are considerable macroeconomic effects impacting the increased degrees of migration into the UK. These types of findings are besides reflected in tantamount microeconomic phenomena. Blauw ( 2002 ) has examined the grounds why employers have a inclination to utilize migratory workers. Blauw ( 2002 ) found that while employers tended to look foremost in the UK labor market, if they could n't make full the places they had available they began their hunt amongst migratory workers. Research carried out in Northern Ireland by Bell, Jarman and Lefebvre ( 2004 ) found that migrators were required in peculiar to make full both skilled and unskilled spreads in the labor market. It has besides been found that migratory workers are frequently seen by employers as being & A ; lsquo ; better workers ‘ . Reed ( 2005 ) , for illustration, investigated migratory workers in the nutrient fabrication industry. It was found that the usage of migratory workers had decreased the sum o f illness leave every bit good as the turnover of employees. Many of these findings were backed up by research into employers of migratory workers by Dench et Al. ( 2006 ) . They besides found that in the agricultural industry domestic workers merely did non use for the occupations that required filling, while in the hotels and providing industry domestic workers were non prepared to work the flexible hours that were required for the occupation. Dench et Al. ( 2006 ) points out that it is natural to presume that possibly employers were non seeking really hard to make full their occupations with domestic workers, given that migratory workers often provide cheaper labor. This thought, though, was strongly denied by employers who claimed that they had made extended attempts to enroll domestic workers, but without success. Some employers in the agricultural sector reported that when they tried to enroll from the Jobcentre, possible employees would come for an interview merely so that they could turn out they had been for an interview, so that coul d claim benefits. Other employers in the same sector explained that domestic workers would frequently discontinue after merely a few yearss ‘ work. On the other manus migratory workers frequently worked difficult and stayed in the occupation. Some similar consequences were seen in the hotels and providing sector. The attack to their work that domestic workers showed was really low compared to the dedication that migratory workers displayed. The sum of accomplishment required for the occupation was besides an of import factor for employers ( Dench et al. , 2006 ) . A good illustration was in the building industry where employers particularly valued Polish workers who were extremely motivated and could make full the spread in accomplishments that were seen in the industry. A similar image in relation to accomplishments was besides seen in other industries. In the Finance and Accountancy sector employers complained that they could n't acquire workers with the right makings. As a consequence they had bureaus who would seek globally for the right campaigners. Overall, though, employers understood that the ground that they recruited migrators was that the same sum of money meant more to them than it did to domestic workers. Of class non all employers accepted migratory labor, some said they were diffident precisely what criterions foreign workers were trained up to, and others thought that their deficiency of eloquence in English was a job ( Dench et al. , 2006 ) . Despite this, many employers saw considerable advantages in using migratory workers. Migrant workers were much more dependable and likely to demo up for work than domestic workers – some employers even had to remind workers to take their one-year vacation. Employers besides saw much lower degrees of turnover with migratory workers. This was likely influenced by the fact that those registered on the WRS have to reregister if they move their employer. Further, employers reported that migratory workers were much more hard-working than domestic workers. This meant they were frequently prepared to work longer hours and were enthusiastic about making overtime. Although non mentioned by many employers it was besides clearly a factor that migr atory workers were more likely to be satisfied working for the lower limit pay than domestic workers. Similar findings for why migratory workers are employed are besides revealed by McKay et Al. ( 2006 ) . There are besides considerable inducements from the migratory workers ‘ positions to come to the UK for work. Unsurprisingly one of the chief motives is the handiness of work and the deficiency of work in their state of beginning. Research conducted by Norfolk County Council and YMCA Norfolk ( 2005 ) found migratory workers were chiefly motivated by the comparatively high rates of wage in the UK compared to their state of beginning. Many were peculiarly interested in larning English, particularly those who were from states that had late joined the EU.Exploitation of migratory workersThe motivations for migration in footings of globalization and its specific effects on the labor market clearly set up a state of affairs in which development is a possibility. A recent Trades Union Congress ( 2007a ) study looked at whether migration hurts migrators. They conclude that despite the advantages for employers and the immediate advantages perceived by some migratory workers, there are b esides important jobs faced both at the macro- and microlevels. The World Bank ( 2005 ) , for illustration, has examined the effects on world-wide economic sciences of the international flow of labor. This finds that migratory workers themselves are surely better off working outside their ain state, nevertheless, migrators who stay in the same state really do worse over the long-run. Looking more specifically at the state of affairs in the UK, though, reveals a much more assorted image about the inquiry of migratory workers. A assortment of surveies have attempted to look at the existent on the job conditions of migratory workers. A study from the Health and Safety Executive has looked closely at the types of hazards to which migratory workers are exposed in the workplace ( McKay et al. , 2006 ) . These writers point out that some old grounds suggests that migratory workers face important degrees of development in the workplace. Lawrence ( 2004 ) , for illustration, has pointed to how the nutrient industry has used migratory workers in order to drive down costs and increase productiveness. There have besides been a series of high profile instances in which migratory workers have been injured at work. In the worst of these at Morecambe Bay in 2004, 23 Chinese workers lost their lives while picking cockles when they were caught in lifting tides. Evidence from the Citizens Advice Bureau ( 2004 ) , though, suggests the maltreatments of migratory workers are more systematic. They provide grounds from a figure of different sectors about the conditions under which migratory workers are employed. In the attention place sector it has been found that many well-qualified workers from other states, such as nurses, have been promised work of a similar degree in the UK but end up in places that are significantly below their degree, such as transporting out cleansing or other humble undertakings. Employers will besides often keep onto the migratory worker ‘s passport so as to be able to intimidate them. As a consequence of this kind of bullying, many migratory workers report happening it hard to do any sort of ailment against their employer as they are reliant on the money earned to direct back place to their households. Consequently there is improbable to be any alteration in the migratory workers ‘ place. Within the cleansing sector, the Citizens Advice Bureau ( 2004 ) study that there are a figure of ways that migrant workers have been exploited. They report on migratory workers who have been recruited to clean motorway service Stationss for & A ; lb ; 600 a month, of which & A ; lb ; 200 is deducted for life costs of a shared room in a house. These workers did non have a contract of employment, a National Insurance figure or a payslip. The Citizens Advice Bureau ( 2004 ) besides study on the enlisting of foreign subjects at universities in the UK who are given cleaning occupations after being told they will be paid in arrears – so they are merely non paid at all. Within the cordial reception sector more maltreatments have been seen. Again, the Citizens Advice Bureau ( 2004 ) study that workers are hired for cleansing or working in eating houses but are non given National Insurance Numberss, or contracts, and are paid below the National Minimum Wage. In the agricultural industry, the Citizens Advice Bureau ( 2004 ) study that migratory workers negotiate with & A ; lsquo ; gangmasters ‘ who present themselves as employment bureaus. Workers often face really hapless adjustment as portion of the understanding for which they pay comparatively high rates from their rewards sing the adjustment provided. The Citizens Advice Bureau ( 2004 ) have received ailments on a figure of common subjects. These include really low rates of wage, no proviso of payslips, non-payment of National Insurance parts, really hapless adjustment that is frequently overcrowded and the hazard of dismissal from the occupation without traveling through the proper processs . The findings of the Citizens Advice Bureau ( 2004 ) were besides echoed by Dench et al. , ( 2006 ) . These writers found studies of many of the same jobs, every bit good as narratives that some gangmasters in East Anglia were merely paying migratory workers & A ; lb ; 1 per hr. This was done lawfully be paying the minimal pay but so claiming back a immense proportion for adjustment. Migrant workers are non merely taken advantage of by employers. There are studies of some people bear downing migrators for the privilege of happening them adjustment and work. Sing the studies from the Citizens Advice Bureau ( 2004 ) and other anecdotal grounds, it seems likely that migratory workers ‘ wellbeing would be significantly affected by their on the job conditions. Shields and Price ( 2003 ) examined the psychosocial wellbeing of migratory workers in the UK in relation to different labour market results. They found, possibly unsurprisingly given the grounds reviewed so far, that the welln ess of the severely treated migratory workers is peculiarly hapless. In add-on they have significantly lower degrees of psychological wellbeing.Health and safety hazards of migratorsSing the many reported disadvantages which migrant workers face in the workplace, it is utile to analyze the hazards to which they are exposed. McKay et Al. ( 2006 ) carried out a survey of 200 migratory workers who were interviewed across five different countries in both England and Wales. One of the purposes of the survey was to measure whether migratory workers were placed at any greater hazard than other workers who were of domestic beginning. McKay et Al. ( 2006 ) point out that one of the cardinal issues in wellness and safety is the proviso of preparation. One-third of those who were interviewed in this survey indicated that they had non received any preparation. There was, nevertheless, a considerable difference depending on the sector in which people worked. Those who worked in the populace sect or were significantly more likely to have preparation than those who worked elsewhere. It was thought that private sector employers ‘ attitudes were that one time migratory workers had obtained enfranchisement they would go forth for better occupations. Clearly one of the jobs in preparation is linguistic communication. Shellekens and Smith ( 2004 ) found that communicating was made peculiarly hard through the usage of slang and proficient footings. Some employers did supply instructions in different linguistic communications but these interlingual renditions were non ever dependable, or were faithfully read by migratory workers. Training was besides limited in the sense that while there was sometimes induction preparation, there was improbable to be any on-going preparation. There was besides considerable confusion about who was responsible for supplying the wellness and safety preparation in the first topographic point. For illustration in instances where migratory workers were employed by an bureau, respondents to the research were ill-defined whose duty the preparation was. Overall McKay et Al. ( 2006 ) argue that migratory workers are likely to be at a disadvantage in footings of equal preparation in their occupations compared to other workers. Consequently it is apprehensible that around half of the migratory workers McKay et Al. ( 2006 ) interviewed had no cognition of wellness and safety processs in their workplace. In footings of equipment there was some confusion uncovered in the survey about whether equal protection was provided – migratory workers frequently claimed they were n't given full equipment while employers claimed they did supply it. A similar degree of contradictory messages was received when migratory workers and employers were asked about the figure of accidents that occurred in the workplace. A one-fourth of migratory worker respondents indicated that they had suffered or witnessed an accident – a comparatively high proportion ( McKay et al. , 2006 ) . Many besides said that accident were non reported for fright of jeopardizing their occupations. On the other manus, employers stated that accidents were rare and that all accidents, even the most minor, were reported and recorded. Employers did state, though, that they knew migratory workers were brought up in a civilization of incrimination and so would be improbable to describe accidents. Despite the confusing image, McKay et Al. ( 2006 ) conclude that degrees of accidents are likely higher amongst migratory workers. This is partially due to the fact that employers who agreed to be interviewed were likely more likely to hold good processs in topographi c point along with the fact that migratory workers who have experienced jobs are besides more likely to come frontward for the interviews. This might partially explicate the spread in coverage. The general public assistance of workers was besides examined by McKay et Al. ( 2006 ) who looked at the temperature of working conditions, the interruptions, noise and chemicals. They found, once more, that there was confusion over interruptions with employers by and large stating that interruptions were allowed, while migratory workers stating that they frequently were n't – or at least that their wage was docked if they did take a interruption. Similar differences were seen on the inquiry of temperature – many migratory workers worked in the extremes of temperature. For noise and chemicals there were few differences seen between migrator and other workers. Other types of ailments about working confirmed the findings of the Citizens Advice Bureau ( 2004 ) study: that migrant workers work long hours and frequently did non hold written footings of employment. As a consequence of these findings the Trades Union Congress ( 2007b ) have made a figure of recommendations to better the on the job conditions of migratory workers. They argue that all accidents should be reported, that there should be sufficient proviso of first assistance and public assistance, that the right protective equipment should be provided along with equal preparation and information. This preparation and information should be accessible and hence translated into the relevant linguistic communication should this be required. Finally the TUC recommends that migratory workers should fall in a trade brotherhood so as proper support and administration can be provided.Legal protection for migratory workersSince migratory workers are so susceptible to exploitation it is natural to inquire what legal protection is in topographic point to better their on the job conditions. Since, as McKay et Al. ( 2006 ) point out, migratory workers are amongst the most vulnerable, they surely require excess protection. One peculiar job identified by McKay et Al. ( 2006 ) is the behavior of some & A ; lsquo ; gangmasters ‘ and how it has been addressed by excess legal protection. A gangmaster is person who is responsible for the payment and supervising of a whole group of workers. While some gangmasters behave decently, others have been identified as the cause of serious jobs. Anderson and Rogaly ( 2005 ) have found that the employment relationship can be earnestly confused in the instance where migrators are employed through gangmasters. Surveies of gangmasters have found that merely 10 % of them follow the jurisprudence on employment and 40 % were interrupting the jurisprudence in at least six different ways ( Lawrence, 2004 ) . To try to battle some of these jobs the Gangmasters ( Licensing ) Act 2004 introduced excess protection for those working in the piscaries and agricultural sectors. This purported to present the condemnable offense of undertaking with gangmasters who had non followed the proper licensing processs. These licensing processs are an effort to look into bureaus and gangmasters follow the proper employment processs such as making the relevant wellness and safety criterions. The Act has been badly criticised, nevertheless, as since it came into force the Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs ( DEFRA ) has been really slow to pull up the ordinances. Besides, since the ordinances have been drawn up it has become clear that the original powers of the Act have been significantly reduced ( Davies & A ; Freedland, 2007 ) . One of the clearest ways in which this legal protection is limited is that it merely doesn't cover the huge bulk of migratory workers, who work in industries other than agribusiness or piscaries. But even in the industries that it does cover, there is a degree of agnosticism about whether it will do a immense impact ( McKay et al. , 2006 ) . Employers pointed out that the existent criterions required in the licensing were comparatively low and that much more rigorous steps need to be put in topographic point. The coverage of the system across the state besides appears to be patchy. There was grounds that gangmasters had moved from one portion of the state to another in order to avoid ordinance. In add-on, many felt that the audit itself did n't look excessively closely into the existent yesteryear working patterns of the gangmasters and bureaus themselves. Finally, there were besides inquiries about how good these new Torahs would be enforced.DecisionThe motivations for migration app ear to be strong in the current labor market state of affairs: globalization, accomplishment deficits and the sheer handiness of certain occupations in the UK mean that migratory workers are in demand. Changes to in-migration policies have meant that there are now a assortment of strategies available for migratory workers to come to the UK. Overall the point should be made that the consequence of migration on both the host and place states is likely positive. Unfortunately it has become clear, due to recent surveies, that a important proportion of migratory workers, peculiarly those working in low-paid, low-skilled businesss, are being exploited. This development appears to run right from the simple bending of regulations to the complete flouting of standard UK employment patterns. Both Health and Safety and TUC probes have uncovered serious defects in the intervention of migratory workers. New regulations have been introduced by Gangmasters ( Licensing ) Act 2004 to seek and contro l the illegal patterns of gangmasters and bureaus. Despite this, and despite the immature age of the statute law, these regulations have been roundly criticised for neglecting to supply equal protection for migratory workers. Not least of these unfavorable judgment is that the statute law does n't cover the bulk of migratory workers. Clearly much greater degrees of ordinance are required to protect those migratory workers who are at the highest hazard of being exploited in the UK labor market.